This paper investigates an integrated supplier selection, vehicle routing, and transportation problem with sustainability factors (like economical and environmental) for (B2B) e-commerce logistics network design, which supplies the multi-product order from the supplier node to the retailer node. In this, we have formulated a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize the total transportation cost, penalty cost due to late pickup and late delivery, and fuel consumption cost with the best possible supplier selection and find the route for delivery of an order batch. Two solution approaches, i.e., exact optimization using LINGO solver and meta-heuristics, i.e. Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) and Simulated Annealing (SA) used to solve the proposed model. We have tested the model on 10 scenario (i.e. Small to large size problems) and computation experiments reveal that Simulated Annealing performs better than Invasive Weed Optimization. The study is expected to benefit E-commerce company and helps the manager in perspective of logistic service and supplier selection.

Lubricating oil is the combination of base oil and additives which undergo several chemical changes due to oxidation reactions occurring at higher temperatures and pressure. The oxidation reaction produces several oxygenated compounds which lead to degrade the performance of the lubricating oil and adversely affect the engine components, thereby causing frictional and blow-by losses Therefore, the periodic assessment of in-service lubricating oil is necessary to obtain valuable diagnostic information on internal combustion engines (ICE). This paper highlights the results of lubricant degradation analysis carried out on a 4-stroke petrol engine of a newly procured two-wheeler scooter. The experimental studies consider the spectroscopic and rheological analysis of fresh and thermally aged lubricants. Additionally, the effect of thermal degradation on the friction coefficient and wear particle morphology of engine components are also considered in the experimental investigations. The results obtained from oil/wear analysis provide reliable insight to understand the root causes of oil degradation and their effects on friction and wear parameters of engine components operating under normal conditions.