Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been around sinceearly 2000. Its use has currently become commonplace as thecost of RFID tags has rapidly decreased. RFID tags have alsobecome more ‘intelligent’ with the incorporation of processorsand sensors in them. They are widely used now in manyinnovative ways. RFIDs are an integral part of Internet ofThings (IOT) and IT systems of smart cities. In this article,we introduce the technology used by RFID systems, illustratetheir use in several applications, and discuss problems of privacyand security when they are used.

Multi-core microprocessor is an interconnected set of independentprocessors called cores integrated on a single siliconchip. These processing cores communicate and cooperatewith one another to execute one or more programs faster thana single core processor. In this article we describe how andwhy these types of processors evolved. We also describe thebasics of how multi-core microprocessors are programmed.

Since the appearance of the first commercial digital computer,there have been many breakthroughs in Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICT) that have led to profoundchanges in the way we live. We heavily depend on computerstoday – from hailing cabs and sending mail to searching forinformation, performing advanced research, and a myriad ofapplications. This is due to numerous breakthroughs in ICT.In this series of articles, I first propose six criteria to classifyan advancement in ICT as a breakthrough. I list fourteenbreakthroughs in ICT in chronological order, describebriefly how each of them evolved, and explain why I considereach of them as a breakthrough. In this first part of a threepartseries, I discuss five breakthroughs: FORTRAN, IntegratedCircuits, Relational Database Management Systems,Local Area Networks, and Personal Computers.

In Part 1 of this series of articles, I defined what is meantby a breakthrough in ICT, listed fourteen breakthroughs inchronological order, and described five breakthroughs. Inthis second part of the three-part series of articles on Breakthroughsin Information and Communication Technologies, Idescribe four more breakthroughs: Computer Graphics, Internet,Global Positioning Systems, and theWorldWideWeb.As in the last part, I will justify why I consider them as breakthroughsand briefly describe each of them.

In Part 1 of this series of articles, I defined what is meant bya breakthrough in ICT and listed fourteen breakthroughs inchronological order. Subsequently, nine breakthroughs weredetailed in Parts 1 and 2. In this concluding part, I describethe last five breakthroughs: search engines, digitization andcompression, mobile computers, cloud computing, and deeplearning.