We review the current status of high energy exclusive processes and color transparency.

We analyse the proton electromagnetic form factor ratioR(Q²) =QF₂(Q²)/F₁(Q²) as a function of momentum transferQ² within perturbative QCD. We find that the prediction for (R(Q²) at large momentum transferQ depends on the exclusive quark wave functions, which are unknown. For a wide range of wave functions we find thatQF₂F₁ ∼ const. at large momentum transfer, which is in agreement with recent JLAB data.

We review the observation of large scale alignment of QSO optical polarizations. Alignment is seen in patches of distance scale of order 1 Gpc. We argue that the existence of a hypothetical light pseudoscalar can explain these observations.

We review the current experimental and theoretical status of the proton electromagnetic form factors.

We solve the general problem of mixing of electromagnetic and scalar or pseudoscalar fields coupled by axion-type interactions $L_{\text{int}} = g_{\phi}\phi \epsilon_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta} F^{\mu \nu} F^{\alpha \beta}$. The problem depends on several dimensionful scales, including the magnitude and direction of background magnetic field, the pseudoscalar mass, plasma frequency, propagation frequency, wave number, and finally the pseudoscalar coupling. We apply the results to the first consistent calculations of the mixing of light propagating in a background magnetic field of varying directions, which show a great variety of fascinating resonant and polarization effects.

We propose a new mechanism for inducing low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). The process is initiated by a perturbation which we assumed to be caused by absorption or emission of a photon. Due to the electromagnetic perturbation, the initial two-body nuclear state forms an intermediate state to make a transition into the final nuclear state through the action of another perturbation. In the present paper,we take the second perturbation to be also electromagnetic. We need to sum over all energies of the intermediate state. Since the upper limit on this sum is infinity it is possible to get contributions from very high energies for which the barrier penetration factor is not too small. By considering a specific reaction, we determine the conditions under which this mechanism may lead to significantly enhanced reaction rates. We find that the mechanism leads to very small cross-sections in free space. However, in a condensed medium, there exist several possibilities leading to enhanced cross-sections, which may lead to observable reaction rates even at relatively low energies. Hence we argue that LENRs are possible and provide a theoretical set-up which may explain some of the experimental claims in this field.