In this study, the excitation functions for the reactions ²⁰³Tl$(p, n)^{203}$Pb, ²⁰³Tl$(p, 3n)^{203}$Pb, ²⁰³Tl$(p, 2n)^{202}$Pb, ²⁰⁵Tl$(p, 4n)^{202}$Pb, ²⁰³Tl$(p, 3n)^{201}$Pb, ²⁰⁵Tl$(p, 5n)^{201}$Pb, ²⁰³Tl$(p, 4n)^{200}$Pb and ²⁰⁵Tl$(p, 6n)^{200}$Pb have been calculated using pre-equilibrium and equilibrium reaction mechanisms. Calculated results based on hybrid model, geometry-dependent hybrid model and cascade-exciton model have been compared with the experimental data.

The neutron skin effect has been investigated for even isotopes of molybdenum at 25.6 MeV ${}^{94−100}$Mo($p, xn$) reaction using the geometry-dependent hybrid model of pre-equilibrium nuclear reactions. Here the initial neutron/proton exciton numbers were calculated from the neutron/proton densities obtained from an effective nucleon–nucleon interaction of the Skyrme type. Initial exciton numbers from different radii of even Mo isotopes were used to obtain the corresponding neutron emission spectra. In this investigation the calculated results are compared with the experimental data as also with each other. The results using central densities in the geometry-dependent hybrid model are in better agreement with the experimental data.

In this study, the pre-equilibrium and equilibrium calculations of cross-sections of ⁸⁹Y$(p, xn)$, ⁹⁰Zr$(p, xn)$ and $^{94}Mo$(p, xn)$ reactions, which were used for the production of ⁸⁹Zr, ⁹⁰Nb and ⁹⁴Tc positron-emitting radioisotopes, have been investigated. Pre-equilibrium calculations have been performed at different proton incident energies by using the hybrid, geometry-dependent-hybrid and full exciton models. The Weisskopf–Ewing model is used for calculating the equilibrium effects at the same incident energies. The calculated results have been discussed and compared with the experimental results.