The weak field-low velocity approximation of Dirac equation in Kerr space-time is investigated. The interaction terms admit of an interpretation in terms of a ‘dipole-dipole’ interaction in addition to coupling of spin with the angular momentum of the rotating source. The gravitational gyro-factor for spin is identified. The charged case (Kerr-Newman) is studied using minimal prescription for electromagnetic coupling in the locally inertial frame and to the leading order the standard electromagnetic gyro-factor is retrieved. A first order perturbation calculation of the shift of the Schwarzschild energy level yields the main interesting result of this work: the anomalous Zeeman splitting of the energy level of a Dirac particle in Kerr metric.

The solutions of Dirac equation in different regions of the complete extension of Rindler space are obtained near the event horizons and in the asymptotic limits. Continuity of these solutions across the event horizons is established. The Green’s functions are written down in the two causally disconnected regions, continued in the future (F) and past (P) regions using the techniques a la Boulware and a consistent scheme of Green’s functions in all regions is exhibited.

The techniques of second quantization in Kerr metric for the scalar and neutrino (massless) fields are extended to the massive spin half case. The normal modes of Dirac field in Kerr metric are obtained in Chandrasekhar’s representation and the field is quantized as usual by imposing equal-time anti-commutation relations. The vacuum expectation value of energy-momentum tensor is evaluated asymptotically, leading to the result that a Kerr black hole spontaneously creates, in addition to scalar and neutrino quanta, massive Dirac particles in the classical superradiant modes.

Unruh’s technique of replacing collapse by boundary conditions on the past horizon (theξ-quantisation scheme) for the derivation of the well-known Hawking radiation is extended to the Kerr black hole for the scalar and especially for the spin half field. The expectation value of the energy momentum tensor is evaluated asymptotically in theξ-vacuum state yielding explicitly the net Hawking flux of scalar and spin half quanta. The appropriate statistical distribution that emerges naturally for Dirac quanta validates the ξ-scheme for fermions and confirms the association of temperature with a Kerr black hole.

We present a utilitarian review of the family of matrix groups Sp(2n, ℛ), in a form suited to various applications both in optics and quantum mechanics. We contrast these groups and their geometry with the much more familiar Euclidean and unitary geometries. Both the properties of finite group elements and of the Lie algebra are studied, and special attention is paid to the so-called unitary metaplectic representation of Sp(2n, ℛ). Global decomposition theorems, interesting subgroups and their generators are described. Turning ton-mode quantum systems, we define and study their variance matrices in general states, the implications of the Heisenberg uncertainty principles, and develop a U(n)-invariant squeezing criterion. The particular properties of Wigner distributions and Gaussian pure state wavefunctions under Sp(2n, ℛ) action are delineated.

We present an operator approach to the description of photon polarization, based on Wigner’s concept of elementary relativistic systems. The theory of unitary representations of the Poincarè group, and of parity, is exploited to construct spinlike operators acting on the polarization states of a photon at each fixed energy momentum. The nontrivial topological features of these representations relevant for massless particles, and the departures from the treatment of massive finite spin representations are highlighted and addressed.

The existence of entangled quantum states gives extra power to quantum computers over their classical counterparts. Quantum entanglement shows up qualitatively at the level of two qubits. We demonstrate that the one- and the two-bit Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm does not require entanglement and can be mapped onto a classical optical scheme. It is only for three and more input bits that the DJ algorithm requires the implementation of entangling transformations and in these cases it is impossible to implement this algorithm classically.

A scheme to execute an 𝑛-bit Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm using 𝑛 qubits has been implemented for up to three cubits on an NMR quantum computer. For the one- and the two-bit Deutsch problem, the qubits do not get entangled, and the NMR implementation is achieved without using spin-spin interactions. It is for the three-bit case, that the manipulation of entangled states becomes essential. The interactions through scalar 𝐽-couplings in NMR spin systems have been exploited to implement entangling transformations required for the three bit DJ algorithm.

We present an insightful ‘derivation’ of the Langevin equation and the fluctuation dissipation theorem in the specific context of a heavier particle moving through an ideal gas of much lighter particles. The Newton’s law of motion (mx = F) for the heavy particle reduces to a Langevin equation (valid on a coarser time-scale) with the assumption that the lighter gas particles follow a Boltzmann velocity distribution. Starting from the kinematics of the random collisions we show that (1) the average force 〈F〉 ∞ −x and (2) the correlation function of the fluctuating forceη = F — 〈F〉 is related to the strength of the average force.

In this paper we analytically compute the strength of nonlinear interactions in a triad, and the energy exchanges between wave-number shells in incompressible fluid turbulence. The computation has been done using first-order perturbative field theory. In three dimensions, magnitude of triad interactions is large for nonlocal triads, and small for local triads. However, the shell-to-shell energy transfer rate is found to be local and forward. This result is due to the fact that the nonlocal triads occupy much less Fourier space volume than the local ones. The analytical results on three-dimensional shell-to-shell energy transfer match with their numerical counterparts. In two-dimensional turbulence, the energy transfer rates to the nearby shells are forward, but to the distant shells are backward; the cumulative effect is an inverse cascade of energy.

We introduce local filters as a means to detect the entanglement of bound entangled states which do not yield to detection by witnesses based on positive maps which are not completely positive.We demonstrate how suchnon-detectable bound entangled states can be locally filtered into detectable bound entangled states. Specifically, we show that a bound entangled state in the orthogonal complement of the unextendible product bases (UPB), canbe locally filtered into another bound entangled state that is detectable by the Choi map. We reinterpret these filters as local measurements on locally extended Hilbert spaces. We give explicit constructions of a measurement-basedimplementation of these filters for 2$\otimes$2 and 3$\otimes$3 systems. This provides us with a physical mechanism to implement such local filters.

The first observation of lasing in an infra-red free electron laser (IR-FEL) at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology has been reported recently with a measured power output, i.e. $\sim10^{5}$ times higher than the expected spontaneous radiation power for the electron beam parameters used in the experiment. IR-FEL design simulations, however, estimate a power gain of $10^{7}$ which is three orders of magnitude higher than the experimentally achieved value. To understand this difference between the measured and the expected power output from the IR-FEL, the electron beam used in the experiments has been characterised and FEL simulations have been repeated after considering the measured electron beam parameters. A reasonably good agreement is obtained between the measured results and those predicted by FEL simulations. Experiments have also been performed to study the expected variation in electron beam properties over a macropulse, which should be minimum for an oscillator FEL like the IR-FEL. This paper reports the results from the experiments for characterisation of the electron beam in the IR-FEL set-up and the results from FEL simulations, considering these measured electron beam parameters.

We report single and multiband linear polarisers for terahertz (THz) frequencies using cut-wire metamaterials (MM). The MMs were designed by finite-element method (FEM), fabricated by electron beam lithography, and characterised by THz time-domain spectroscopy. The MM unit cells consist of single or multiple length cut-wire pads of gold on semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs) for single or multiple band polarisers. For example, a MM with a square unit cell of 50 $\mu$m size on 1 mm GaAs substrate with a gold cut wire of 65 $\mu$m length, 2 $\mu$m width, and 150 nm height gives a resonance around 1.05 THz. The dependence of the resonance frequency of the single-band polariser on the length of the cut-wires was explained based on transmission line model.

We consider models of light dark matter coupled to quarks through a vector current interaction. For low energies, these models must be treated through the effective couplings to mesons, which are implemented here through the chiral Lagrangian. We find the signals of dark matter annihilation and decay to the light mesons, and find the expected photon spectrum from the decay of the hadrons. We compare the current and future observations, and show that there is a significant discovery reach for these models.

In this work, we studied the relaxation dynamics of coherences of different orders present in a system of two coupled nuclear spins. We used a previously designed model for intrinsic noise present in such systems which considers the Lindblad master equation for Markovian relaxation. We experimentally created zero-, single and double-quantum coherences in several two-spin systems and performed a complete state tomography and computed state fidelity. We experimentally measured the decay of zero- and double-quantum coherences in these systems. The experimental data fitted well to a model that considers the main noise channels to be a correlated phase damping (CPD) channel acting simultaneously on both spins in conjunction with a generalised amplitude damping channel acting independently on both spins. The differential relaxation of multiple-quantum coherences can be ascribed to the action of a CPD channel acting simultaneously on both the spins.

Spintronic heterostructures are considered to be the new generation terahertz (THz) sources because of their capability of producing high power and broadband THz radiation. Here, we provide a brief review on the state-of-the-art in this field. The optically excited bi- and tri-layer combinations of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic thin films have become increasingly popular. Towards optimising the THz conversion efficiency and broadband gapless spectrum from these THz emitters, various control parameters need to be taken into consideration. The inverse spin Hall effect in the heavy metal layer of the heterostructure is primarily responsible for the generation of THz pulses. A few new results on iron-, platinum- and tantalum-based heterostructures have also been reported here. It is observed that the Ta(2 nm)/Fe(2 nm)/Pt(2 nm) tri-layer heterostructure generates ~40(250)% stronger THz signal than the counterpart Fe(2 nm)/Pt(2 nm) (Fe(3 nm)/Ta(2 nm)) bi-layer heterostructure.