C. S. STALIN
Articles written in Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
Volume 25 Issue 1-2 March 2004 pp 1-55
Optical variability properties of high luminosity AGN classes
C. S. Stalin Gopal-Krishna Ram Sagar Paul J. Wiita
We present the results of a comparative study of the intranight optical variability (INOV) characteristics of radio-loud and radioquiet quasars, which involves a systematic intra-night optical monitoring of seven sets of high luminosity AGNs covering the redshift range
Volume 31 Issue 2 June 2010 pp 59-79
Determination of the Mean HI Absorption of the Intergalactic Medium
A. Aghaee P. Petitjean R. Srianand C. S. Stalin R. Guimarães
In recent years, the Lyman-𝛼 forest in quasar spectra has been used, together with 𝑁-body simulations, to determine the underlying matter distribution in the intergalactic medium (IGM). One of the key parameters to be known in order to compare observations and numerical simulations is the mean HI absorption in the IGM. To derive the latter, one has first to fit the quasar continuum.We have observed 20 high redshift and highly luminous QSOs (𝑚V ≤ 17.5 and 2.40 ≤ 𝑧em ≤ 3.91) at intermediate spectral resolution, with either EMMI (ESO Multi-Mode Instrument) on the ESO-NTT telescope or CARELEC at the OHP (Observatoire de Haute-Provence), and applied different methods of determining the QSO continuum to this QSO sample. We have measured the amount of absorption, known as the flux decrement, 𝐷𝐴, in the Lyman-𝛼 forest for these different methods and compared the results. In addition, we have compared 𝐷𝐴 values measured along the same lines of sight observed at high and intermediate spectral resolutions.We discuss the systematics resulting from the use of automatic continuum fitting methods.
Volume 34 Issue 2 June 2013 pp 175-192
Generation of a Near Infra-Red Guide Star Catalog for Thirty-Meter Telescope Observations
Smitha Subramanian Annapurni Subramaniam Luc Simard Kim Gillies A. N. Ramaprakash G. C. Anupama C. S. Stalin Swara Ravindranath B. Eswar Reddy
The requirements for the production of a near Infra-Red Guide Star Catalog (IRGSC) for Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) observations are identified and presented. A methodology to compute the expected J band magnitude of stellar sources from their optical (𝑔, 𝑟 , 𝑖 ) magnitudes is developed. The computed and observed J magnitudes of sources in three test fields are compared and the methodology developed is found to be satisfactory for the magnitude range, JVega = 16–22 mag. From this analysis, we found that for the production of final TMT IRGSC (with a limiting magnitude of JVega = 22 mag), we need 𝑔, 𝑟, 𝑖 bands optical data which go up to 𝑖AB ∼ 23 mag. Fine tuning of the methodology developed, such as using Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) template fitting for optimal classification of stars in the fainter end, incorporating spectral libraries in the model, to reduce the scatter, and modification of the existing colour–temperature relation to increase the source density are planned for the subsequent phase of this work.
Volume 34 Issue 3 September 2013 pp 273-296
Arti Goyal Mukul Mhaskey Gopal-Krishna Paul J. Wiita C. S. Stalin Ram Sagar
It is important to quantify the underestimation of rms photometric errors returned by the commonly used APPHOT algorithm in the IRAF software, in the context of differential photometry of point-like AGN, because of the crucial role it plays in evaluating their variability properties. Published values of the underestimation factor, 𝜂, using several different telescopes, lie in the range 1.3–1.75. The present study aims to revisit this question by employing an exceptionally large data set of 262 differential light curves (DLCs) derived from 262 pairs of non-varying stars monitored under our ARIES AGN monitoring program for characterizing the intra-night optical variability (INOV) of prominent AGN classes. The bulk of these data were taken with the 1-m Sampurnanad Telescope (ST). We find 𝜂 = 1.54 ± 0.05 which is close to our recently reported value of 𝜂 = 1.5. Moreover, this consistency holds at least up to a brightness mismatch of 1.5 mag between the paired stars. From this we infer that a magnitude difference of at least up to 1.5 mag between a point-like AGN and comparison star(s) monitored simultaneously is within the same CCD chip acceptable, as it should not lead to spurious claims of INOV.
Volume 37 Issue 4 December 2016 Article ID 0041 Review
Ananda Hota C. Konar C. S. Stalin Sravani Vaddi Pradeepta K. Mohanty Pratik Dabhade Sai Arun Dharmik Bhoga Megha Rajoria Sagar Sethi
We present a brief review of progress in the understanding of general spiral and elliptical galaxies, through merger, star formation and AGN activities. With reference to case studies performed with the GMRT, we highlight the unique aspects of studying galaxies in the radio wavelengths where powerful quasars and bright radio galaxies are traditionally the dominating subjects. Though AGN or quasar activity is extremely energetic, it is extremely short-lived. This justify focussing on transitional galaxies to find relic-evidences of the immediate past AGN-feedback which decide the future course of evolution of a galaxy. Relic radio lobes can be best detected in low frequency observations with the GMRT, LOFAR and in future SKA. The age of these relic radio plasma can be as old as a few hundred Myr. There is a huge gap between this and what is found in optical bands. The very first relic-evidences of a past quasar activity (Hanny’s Voorwerp) was discovered in 2007 by a Galaxy Zoo citizen-scientist, a school teacher, in the optical bands. This relic is around a few tens of thousand years old. More discoveries needed to match these time-scales with star formation time-scales in AGN host galaxies to better understand black hole galaxy co-evolution process via feedback-driven quenching of star formation. It is now well-accepted that discovery and characterization of such faint fuzzy relic features can be more efficiently done by human eye than a machine. Radio interferometry images are more complicated than optical and need the citizen-scientists to be trained. RAD@home, the only Indian citizen-science research project in astronomy, analysing TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS) 150 MHz data and observing from the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT), was launched in April 2013. Unique, zero-infrastructure zero-funded design of RAD@home as a collaboratory of 69 trained e-astronomers is briefly described. Some of the new-found objects like episodic radio galaxies, radio-jet and companion galaxy interaction, radio galaxy bent by motion of the intra-filament medium in a Mpc-scale galaxy filament etc. are briefly presented as demonstration of its potential. Citizen-science has not only opened up a new way for astronomy research but also possibly the only promising way to extract maximum science out of the Big Data in the SKA-era. This possibly can convert the Big Data problem into a prospect. Citizen-science can contribute to the knowledge creation in never-seen-before speed and in approach. As it is based on internet, it can provide an equal opportunity of academic-growth to people even in the under-developed regions where we always need to put our optical and radio telescopes. This can liberate the research-activity of city-based research-institutes out of the four brick walls and alleviate various socio-economic and geo-political constraints on growth of citizens educated in undergraduate-level science but located in remote areas.
Volume 38 Issue 2 June 2017 Article ID 0028 Review Article
In-orbit Performance of UVIT and First Results
S. N. Tandon J. B. Hutchings S. K. Ghosh A. Subramaniam G. Koshy V. Girish P. U. Kamath S. Kathiravan A. Kumar J. P. Lancelot P. K. Mahesh R. Mohan J. Murthy S. Nagabhushana A. K. Pati J. Postma N. Kameswara Rao K. Sankarasubramanian P. Sreekumar S. Sriram C. S. Stalin F. Sutaria Y. H. Sreedhar I. V. Barve C. Mondal S. Sahu
The performance of the ultraviolet telescope (UVIT) on-board AstroSat is reported. The performance in orbit is also compared with estimates made from the calibrations done on the ground. The sensitivity is found to be within ∼15% of the estimates, and the spatial resolution in the NUV is found to exceed significantly the design value of 1.8′′ and it is marginally better in the FUV. Images obtained from UVIT are presented to illustrate the details revealed by the high spatial resolution. The potential of multi-band observations in the ultraviolet with high spatial resolution is illustrated by some results.
Volume 39 Issue 1 February 2018 Article ID 0015
Measurement of coronal properties of Seyfert galaxies from NuSTAR’s hard X-ray spectrum
Precise measurement of the coronal properties of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) requires the availability of high signal-to-noise ratio data covering awide range of X-ray energies.The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array ($NuSTAR$) which is highly sensitive to earlier missions in its operational energy range of 3–79 keV, allows us to arrive at precise estimates of the coronal parameters such as cut-off energy ($E_{\rm cut}$), coronaltemperature ($kT_e$) and geometry of the corona at least for sources that have $E_{\rm cut}$ within the energy range of$NuSTAR$. In this paper,we present our preliminary results on the spectral analysis of two Seyfert galaxies namely 3C 120 and NGC 4151 using $NuSTAR$ observations in the 3–79 keV band. We investigated the continuum and coronal parameters, the photon index $\Gamma$, $E_{\rm cut}$ and $kT_e$. By fitting the X-ray spectrum of 3C 120 and NGC 4151 with a simple phenomenological model, we found that both the sources showed a clear cut-off in their spectrum.
Volume 39 Issue 6 December 2018 Article ID 0065
Long-term ultraviolet variability of Seyfert galaxies
N. SUKANYA C. S. STALIN P. JOSEPH S. RAKSHIT D. PRAVEEN R. DAMLE
Flux variability is one of the defining characteristics of Seyfert galaxies, a class of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Although these variations are observed over a wide range of wavelengths, results on their flux variability characteristics in the ultraviolet (UV) band are very limited.We present here the long-term UV fluxvariability characteristics of a sample of fourteen Seyfert galaxies using data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer acquired between 1978 and 1995. We found that all the sources showed flux variations with no statistically significant differences in the amplitude of UV flux variation between shorter and longer wavelengths. Also, the flux variations between different near-UV (NUV, 1850−3300 å) and far-UV (FUV, 1150−2000 å) pass bands in the rest frames of the objects are correlated with no time lag. The data show indications of (i) a mild negative correlation of UV variability with bolometric luminosity and (ii) weak positive correlation between UV variability and black hole mass. At FUV, about 50% of the sources show a strong correlation between spectral indices and flux variations with a hardening when brightening behaviour, while for the remaining sources the correlation is moderate. In NUV, the sources do show a harder spectrum when brighter, but the correlation is either weak or moderate.
Volume 41 All articles Published: 25 September 2020 Article ID 0022
Quasar catalogue for the astrometric calibration of the forthcoming ILMT survey
AMIT KUMAR MANDAL BIKRAM PRADHAN JEAN SURDEJ C. S. STALIN RAM SAGAR BLESSON MATHEW
Quasars are ideal targets to use for astrometric calibration of large scale astronomical surveys as they have negligible proper motion and parallax. The forthcoming 4-m International Liquid Mirror Telescope (ILMT) will survey the sky that covers a width of about 27$'$. To carry out astrometric calibration of theILMT observations, we aimed to compile a list of quasars with accurate equatorial coordinates and falling in the ILMT stripe. Towards this, we cross-correlated all the quasars that are known till the present date with the sources in the
Volume 42 All articles Published: 26 May 2021 Article ID 0020 PAYLOAD REVIEW
In-orbit performance of UVIT over the past 5 years
S. K. GHOSH P. JOSEPH A. KUMAR J. POSTMA C. S. STALIN A. SUBRAMANIAM S. N. TANDON I. V. BARVE A. DEVARAJ K. GEORGE V. GIRISH J. B. HUTCHINGS P. U. KAMATH S. KATHIRAVAN J. P. LANCELOT D. LEAHY P. K. MAHESH R. MOHAN S. NAGABHUSHANA A. K. PATI N. KAMESWARA RAO K. SANKARASUBRAMANIAN P. SREEKUMAR S. SRIRAM
Over the last 5 years, UVIT has completed observations of more than 500 proposals with $\sim$800 unique pointings. In addition, regular planned monitoring observations have been made and from their analysis various key parameters related to in orbit performance of UVIT have been quantified. The sensitivities of the UV channels have remained steady indicating no effect of potential molecular contamination confirming the adequacy of all the protocols implemented for avoiding contamination. The quality of the PSF through the years confirms adequacy of thermal control measures. The early calibrations obtained during the Performance Verification (PV) phase have been further revised for more subtle effects. These include flat fields and detector distortions with greater precision. The operations of UVIT have also evolved through inorbit experience, e.g. tweaking of operational sequencing, protocol for recovery from bright object detection (BOD) shutdowns, parameters for BOD thresholds, etc. Finally, some effects of charged particle hits on electronics led to optimised strategy for regular resetting. The Near-UV channel was lost in one of suchoperations. All the above in-orbit experiences are presented here.
Volume 42 All articles Published: 29 May 2021 Article ID 0025 DATA PIPELINE
P. JOSEPH C. S. STALIN S. N. TANDON S. K. GHOSH
Volume 42 All articles Published: 2 June 2021 Article ID 0029 DATA PIPELINE
Performance of the UVIT Level-2 pipeline
S. K. GHOSH S. N. TANDON P. JOSEPH A. DEVARAJ D. S. SHELAT C. S. STALIN
Performance of the Level-2 pipeline, which translates the UVIT data created by the ISRO’s ground segment processing systems (Level-1) into astronomer ready scientific data products, is described. This pipeline has evolved significantly from experiences during the in orbit mission. With time, the detectormodules of UVIT developed certain defects which led to occasional corruption of imaging and timing data. This article will describe the improvements and mitigation plans incorporated in the pipeline and report its efficacy and quantify the performance.
Volume 42 All articles Published: 28 July 2021 Article ID 0086 SCIENCE RESULTS
ANANDA HOTA ASHISH DEVARAJ ANANTA C PRADHAN C. S. STALIN KOSHY GEORGE ABHISEK MOHAPATRA SOO-CHANG REY YOUICHI OHYAMA SRAVANI VADDI RENUKA PECHETTI RAMYA SETHURAM JESSY JOSE JAYASHREE ROY CHIRANJIB KONAR
We present the far ultraviolet (FUV) imaging of the nearest Jellyfish or Fireball galaxy IC3418/VCC 1217, in the Virgo cluster of galaxies, using Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) onboard the AstroSat satellite. The young star formation observed here in the 17 kpc long turbulent wake of IC3418,due to ram pressure stripping of cold gas surrounded by hot intra-cluster medium, is a unique laboratory that is unavailable in the Milky Way. We have tried to resolve star forming clumps, seen compact to GALEX UV images, using better resolution available with the UVIT and incorporated UV-optical imagesfrom Hubble Space Telescope archive. For the first time, we resolve the compact star forming clumps (fireballs) into sub-clumps and subsequently into a possibly dozen isolated stars. We speculate that many of them could be blue supergiant stars which are cousins of SDSS J122952.66$+$112227.8, the farthest star($\sim$17 Mpc) we had found earlier surrounding one of these compact clumps. We found evidence of star formation rate ($4–7.4 \times 10^{–4} \ M_{\odot}$ yr$^{–1}$) in these fireballs, estimated from UVIT flux densities, to beincreasing with the distance from the parent galaxy. We propose a new dynamical model in which the stripped gas may be developing vortex street where the vortices grow to compact star forming clumps due to self-gravity. Gravity winning over turbulent force with time or length along the trail can explain thepuzzling trend of higher star formation rate and bluer/younger stars observed in fireballs farther away from the parent galaxy.
Volume 43 All articles Published: 31 May 2022 Article ID 0032 OBSERVATIONAL FACILITIES
A 10-m class national large optical-IR telescope
G. C. ANUPAMA G. MAHESWAR S. SRIRAM T. SIVARANI P. S. PARIHAR S. NAGABHUSHAN DORJE ANGCHUK S. BARWAY B. C. BHATT R. BANYAL ALIKHAN BASHEER PRASANNA DESHMUKH DEVIKA DIVAKAR TSEWANG DORJAI ARUNA GOSWAMI K. V. GOVINDA SONAM JORPHAIL U. S. KAMATH MADAN MOHAN KEMKAR TASHI TSERING MAHAY S. MUNEER C. MUTHUMARIAPPAN SHANTIKUMAR SINGH NINGOMBAM G. PANDEY B. E. REDDY D. K. SAHU D. S. SANDEEP RAMYA SETHURAM C. S. STALIN S. SUBRAMANIAN STANZIN TSEWANG A. SUBRAMANIAM
An observatory class national large optical-IR telescope (NLOT), is proposed to be built and located in the country. The telescope consists of a 10–12 m segmented primary. In order to cater to a diversity of observational programs, the telescope is designed with high throughput in both the optical and IRregions (0.3–5 $\mu$m). It should perform reasonably well up to 30 $\mu$m. The telescope and instruments should have remote operations capability, allowing for the queue as well as classical scheduling and high reliability and robustness. This article provides a brief description of the science cases that drive the telescope requirements, activities related to optics design and some thoughts on the instruments.
Volume 43 All articles Published: 3 August 2022 Article ID 0048
Intra-night optical variability monitoring of $\gamma$-ray emitting blazars
K. SUBBU ULAGANATHA PANDIAN A. NATARAJAN C. S. STALIN ASHWANI PANDEY S. MUNEER B. NATARAJAN
We present the results obtained from our campaign to characterize the intra-night optical variability properties of blazars detected by the
Volume 43 All articles Published: 16 October 2022 Article ID 0077
An automated pipeline for Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope
S. K. GHOSH S. N. TANDON S. K. SINGH D. S. SHELAT P. TAHLANI A. K. SINGH T. P. SRINIVASAN P. JOSEPH A. DEVARAJ K. GEORGE R. MOHAN J. POSTMA C. S. STALIN
We describe a versatile pipeline for processing the data collected by the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on board Indian multi-wavelength astronomical satellite ASTROSAT. The UVIT instrument carries out simultaneous astronomical imaging through selected filters/gratings in far-ultra-violet (FUV), near-ultra-violet and visible (VIS) bands of the targeted circular sky field ($\sim$0.5$^{\circ}$ dia). This pipeline converts the data (Level 1) emanating from UVIT in their raw primitive format supplemented by inputs from the spacecraft sub-systems into UV sky images (and slitless grating spectra) and associated products readily usable by astronomers (Level 2). The primary products include maps of Intensity (rate of photon arrival), error on Intensity and effective Exposure. The pipeline is open source, extensively user configurable with many selectable parameters and its execution is fully automated. The key ingredients of the pipeline include extraction of drift in the pointing of the spacecraft, and disturbances in pointing due to internal movements; application of various corrections to measured position in the detector for each photon – e.g., differential pointing with respect to a reference frame for shift and add operation, systematic effects and artefacts in the optics of the telescopes and detectors, exposure tracking on the sky, alignment of sky products from multiepisodeexposures to generate a consolidated set and astrometry. Detailed logs of operations and intermediate products for every processing stage are accessible via user-selectable options. While large number of selectable parameters are available for the user, a well characterized ‘standard default’ set is used for executing this pipeline at the Payload Operation Centre (POC) for UVIT and selected products are archivedand disseminated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) through its ISSDC portal.
Volume 44, 2023
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