The Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride (CZT) Imager on board AstroSat is a hard X-ray imaging spectrometer operating in the energy range of 20–100 keV. It also acts as an open hard X-ray monitor above 100 keV capable of detecting transient events like the Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs). Additionally, the instrument has thesensitivity to measure hard X-ray polarization in the energy range of 100–400 keV for bright on-axis sources like Crab and Cygnus X-1 and bright GRBs. As hard X-ray instruments like CZTI are sensitive to cosmic rays in addition to X-rays, it is required to identify and remove particle induced or other noise events and select events for scientific analysis of the data. The present CZTI data analysis pipeline includes algorithms for such event selection, but they have certain limitations. They were primarily designed for the analysis of data from persistent X-ray sources where the source flux is much less than the background and thus are not best suited for sources like GRBs. Here, we re-examine the characteristics of noise events in CZTI and present a generalized event selectionmethod that caters to the analysis of data for all types of sources. The efficacy of the new method is reviewed by examining the Poissonian behavior of the selected events and the signal to noise ratio for GRBs.

All-sky monitors can measure the fluxes of astrophysical sources by measuring the changes in observed counts as the source is occulted by the Earth. Such measurements have typically been carried out by all-sky monitors like CGRO-BATSE and Fermi-GBM. We demonstrate for the first time the application of this technique to measure fluxes of sources using a collimated instrument: the Cadmium Zinc Telluridedetector on AstroSat. Reliable flux measurements are obtained for the Crab nebula and pulsar, and for Cyg X–1 by carefully selecting the best occultation data sets. We demonstrate that CZTI can obtain such measurements for hard sources with intensities $\gtrsim$1 Crab.

The Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI) is an imaging instrument onboard AstroSat. This instrument operates as a nearly open all-sky detector above 60 keV, making possible long integrations irrespective of the spacecraft pointing. We present a technique based on the AstroSat-CZTI data to explore the hard $\gamma$-ray characteristics of the c-ray pulsar population. We report highly significant ($\sim$30$\sigma$) detection of hard X-ray (60–380 keV) pulse profile of the Crab pulsar using $\sim$5000 ks of CZTI observations within 5 to 70$^{\circ}$ of Crab position in the sky, using a custom algorithm developed by us. Using Crab as our test source, we estimate the off-axis sensitivity of the instrument and establish AstroSat-CZTI as a prospective tool in investigating hard X-ray characteristics of c-ray pulsars as faint as 10 mCrab.

The Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI) onboard AstroSat is designed for hard X-ray imaging and spectroscopy in the energy range of 20–100 keV. The CZT detectors are of 5-mm thickness and hence have good efficiency for Compton interactions beyond 100 keV. The polarisation analysis using CZTIrelies on such Compton events and have been verified experimentally. The same Compton events can also be used to extend the spectroscopy up to 380 keV. Further, it has been observed that about 20% pixels of the CZTI detector plane have low gain, and they are excluded from the primary spectroscopy. If these pixels are included, then the spectroscopic capability of CZTI can be extended up to 500 keV and further up to 700 keV with a better gain calibration in the future. Here we explore the possibility of using the Compton events as well as the low gain pixels to extend the spectroscopic energy range of CZTI for ON-axis bright X-ray sources. We demonstrate this technique using Crab observations and explore its sensitivity.

The Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) Imager onboard AstroSat consists of pixelated CZT detectors, which are sensitive to hard X-rays above 20 keV. The individual pixels are triggered by ionising events occurring in them, and the detectors operate in a self-triggered mode, recording each event separatelywith information about its time of incidence, detector co-ordinates, and channel that scales with the amount of ionisation. The detectors are sensitive not only to photons from astrophysical sources of interest, but also prone to a number of other events like background X-rays, cosmic rays, and noise in detectors or theelectronics. In this work, a detailed analysis of the effect of cosmic rays on the detectors is made and it is found that cosmic rays can trigger multiple events which are closely packed in time (called ‘bunches’). Higher energy cosmic rays, however, can also generate delayed emissions, a signature previously seen in the PICsIT detector on-board INTEGRAL. An algorithm to automatically detect them based on their spatial clustering properties is presented. Residual noise events are examined using examples of Gamma Ray Bursts as target sources.

The Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager on AstroSat has proven to be a very effective All-Sky monitor in the hard X-ray regime, detecting over three hundred GRBs and putting highly competitive upper limits on X-ray emissions from gravitational wave sources and fast radio bursts. We present the algorithmsused for searching for such transient sources in CZTI data, and for calculating upper limits in case of nondetections. We introduce CIFT: the CZTI Interface for Fast Transients, a framework used to streamline these processes. We present details of 87 new GRBs detected by this framework that were previously not detected in CZTI.

AstroSat is India’s first space-based astronomical observatory, launched on September 28, 2015. One of the payloads aboard AstroSat is the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI), operating at hard X-rays. CZTI employs a two-dimensional coded aperture mask for the purpose of imaging. In this paper, we discuss various image reconstruction algorithms adopted for the test and calibration of the imaging capability of CZTI and present results from CZTI on-ground as well as in-orbit image calibration.

Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI) onboard AstroSat has been a prolific Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) monitor. While the 2-pixel Compton scattered events (100–300 keV) are used to extract sensitive spectroscopic information, the inclusion of the low-gain pixels ($\sim$20% of the detector plane) aftercareful calibration extends the energy range of Compton energy spectra to 600 keV. The new feature also allows single-pixel spectroscopy of the GRBs to the sub-MeV range which is otherwise limited to 150 keV. We also introduced a new noise rejection algorithm in the analysis (‘Compton noise’). These new additionsnot only enhances the spectroscopic sensitivity of CZTI, but the sub-MeV spectroscopy will also allow proper characterization of the GRBs not detected by Fermi. This article describes the methodology of single, Compton event and veto spectroscopy in 100–900 keV combined for the GRBs detected in the first year of operation. CZTI in last five years has detected $\sim$20 bright GRBs. The new methodologies, when applied on the spectral analysis for this large sample of GRBs, has the potential to improve the results significantly and help in better understanding the prompt emission mechanism.

The Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) on AstroSat is a hard X-ray coded-aperture mask instrument with a primary field-of-view of $4.6^{\circ} \times 4.6^{\circ}$ (FWHM).The instrument collimators become increasinglytransparent at energies above $\sim$100 keV, making CZTI sensitive to radiation from the entire sky. While this has enabled CZTI to detect a large number of off-axis transient sources, calculating the source flux or spectrum requires knowledge of the direction and energy dependent attenuation of the radiation incident upon the detector. Here, we present a GEANT4-based mass model of CZTI and AstroSat that can be used to simulate the satellite response to the incident radiation, and to calculate an effective ‘‘response file’’ for converting the source counts into fluxes and spectra. We provide details of the geometry and interaction physics, and validate the model by comparing the simulations of imaging and flux studies with observations. Spectroscopic validation of the massmodel is discussed in a companion paper, Chattopadhyay et al. (J. Astrophys. Astr., vol. 42 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-021-09718-2).