The Raniganj basin in the Damodar valley of eastern India is located within the riftogenic Gondwana Master-Basin. The fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation of the Damodar valley in the study area preserve various soft-sediment deformation structures such as slump folds, convolute laminae, flame structures, dish-and-pillar structures, sandstone dykes, pseudonodules and syn-sedimentary faults. Although such soft-sediment deformation structures maybe formed by various processes, in the present area the association of these structures, their relation to the adjacent sedimentary rocks and the tectonic and depositional setting of the formation suggest that these structures are seismogenic. Movements along the basin margin and the intra-basinal faults and resultant seismicity with moderate magnitude (2–5 on Richter scale) are thought to have been responsible for the soft-sediment deformations.

In the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) of Eastern India a suite of mafic and ultramafic rocksoccurs as sills, dykes and enclaves within porphyritic granitoid pluton. These mafic and ultramafic rocks and host porphyritic granitoids were emplaced in a post-collisional setting around $998 \pm 10 \rm{Ma}$ ago. Field occurrence, petrology and mineral chemistry of the mafic–ultramafic rocks have been studied. Both the mafic $\rm{(Pl + Hyp + Di + Hbl + Bt + Mag + Spn \pm Ol \pm Spl)}$ and ultramafic rocks $\rm{(Di + Hyp + Bt \pm Hbl \pm Ol \pm Pl \pm Spl \pm Ep \pm Spn)}$ are composed of same minerals but in different modal proportions. Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and rarely olivine and spinel are important primary minerals of mafic–ultramafic suite. Primary amphiboles, biotites and pyroxenes show their affinity with shoshonitic lamprophyres. Chemically these rocks are similar to the kentallenite (of appinite suite) and are enriched in both compatible (Fe, Mg, Ni, and Cr) and incompatible (K, Ba, Rb, and LREE) elements and show crust-like trace element patterns. Crystallization of clinopyroxene before labradorite and presence of primary hornblende and biotite suggest high water content while biotite–magnetite–sphene assemblage suggests high $f\rm{O}_{2}$ of the magma. Liquidus temperature $(975–1088^{0}\rm{C})$ of the parental magma of the mafic–ultramafic rocks was obtained by two-pyroxene thermometer. The pressure (2.9–5.7 kbar) and near-solidus temperature $(782–819^{0}\rm{C})$ of crystallization were determined using the amphibole–plagioclase geothermobarometry. Similar range of values of pressure, temperature and $f\rm{O}_{2}$ values were obtained using other thermobarometers. High $\rm{H_{2}O}$ and $f\rm{O}_{2}$ (>NNO buffer) of the magma are characteristics of convergent setting. The mafic–ultramafic rocks of the suite probably crystallized from a magma which had high $\rm{SiO_{2}}$ (48.16–67.64 wt%), high $\rm{CaO}$ (3.01–11.73 wt%), high $\rm{K_{2}O}$ (1.34–4.49 wt%) and low $\rm{TiO_{2}}$ (0.04–2.71 wt%) contents and intermediate Mg# (46.73 and 59.78).