The resistance to photorefractive damage is investigated for several nonlinear crystals. A quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second harmonic generation (SHG) waveguide device is fabricated in 5 mol% Mg-doped LiNbO₃ which has high resistance to optical damage. The SHG blue laser of the QPM-SHG waveguide device and a tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diode is demonstrated, wherein output stability of continuous blue light is measured. The SHG blue laser, using the QPM-SHG waveguide device with broadened flat matching response, shows good modulation characteristics. The pulsed peak power of 23 mW with rectangular modulated waveform is generated. The SHG blue laser is installed to an optical head, and good recording and readout characteristics are demonstrated. Moreover, butt-coupled SHG blue laser is examined to gain a miniature module with volume of 0·8 cc.

Perovskite-based Ba$_{0.5}$Sr$_{0.5}$Fe$_{1–x}$Cu$_x$O$_{3–\delta}$ (BSFCO-$x$, $x = 0–0.2$) was synthesized by sol–gel self-combustionmethod. The crystallinity was evaluated through X-ray diffraction, besides further local structure analysis, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed a cubic symmetry for $x = 0.05$; 0.10, which was tetragonal at higher values, $x =0.15; 0.20$. XAS analysis predicted the oxidation state (OS) of Cu to be a mixture of 3$+$ and 2$+$, while Fe includes 3$+$ and 4$+$. Conversely, the OS of Fe and Cu in the octahedron site influence the number of an unpair electron that determine the magnetic properties of perovskite. In addition, the magnetization for Ba$_{0.5}$Sr$_{0.5}$FeO$_{3–\delta}$ is 0.172 emu g$^{-1}$, originating from the ferromagnetic ordering Fe$^{3+}$($t_{2g}^3 e_g^2$)–O(2p)–Fe$^{4+}$($t_{2g}^3 e_g^1$) interaction. This effect increase, due to the presence of oxygen vacancy in BSFCO-0.05, which weakens the $d–p$ interaction of Fe-O, while the generation of higher Cu doping to increase the amount of Fe$^{4+}$ leads to a decline in Cu$^{3+}$. Therefore, Cu doping is confirmed to play a role in the paramagnetic–ferromagnetic transition.