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pH effect upon sol–gel processing of titanium butoxide and lithium acetate precursors on the characteristics of Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ as an anode for lithium-ion batteries
SLAMET PRIYONO NOFRIJON SOFYAN DONANTA DHANESWARA WAHYU BAMBANG WIDAYATNO AKHMAD HERMAN YUWONO
Volume 45 Published: 26 July 2022 Article ID 0147
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https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/boms/045/0147 -
Keywords
Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ ;anode ;battery ;sol–gel ;pH. -
Abstract
This research investigates the effect of different precursor’s pH values on the fabrication of lithium titanate (Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$) via sol–gel processing and its characteristics as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. The precursor solution of lithium acetate was dropped into titanium butoxide at various initial pH values of 0.14, 0.39 and 0.69. The study of synthesis of Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ in the extreme acid environment is rarely investigated. Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analyzer was used to examine the thermal profile of the dried Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ precursor to determine the required sintering temperature, while the crystal structure and morphology of the sintered samples were characterized using an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. The thermal analysis shows that the precursor should be sintered at 850°C to acquire pure spinel Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ crystal. An investigation of the crystal structure shows that a higher purity of Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ phase with smaller crystallite is obtainable in a more acidic condition. The resultant products contain an agglomerated and irregular morphology with non-uniform size distribution. These results show that the sample with thehighest purity of Li$_4$Ti$_5$O$_{12}$ provides the best electrochemical performance, with a specific capacity of 100 mAh g$^{-1}$ at 0.1 C scanning rate and fast charging characteristics up to 10 C scanning rate.
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Author Affiliations
SLAMET PRIYONO1 2 NOFRIJON SOFYAN1 DONANTA DHANESWARA1 WAHYU BAMBANG WIDAYATNO2 AKHMAD HERMAN YUWONO1
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan 15310, Indonesia
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Dates
- Published
- 26 July 2022
- Manuscript received
- 22 February 2022
- Accepted
- 27 April 2022
- Final version published online
- 26 July 2022
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